Unus Deus, Unus Imperator: Giuliano e la sfida neoplatonica al monoteismo

Abstract

This article explores the solar theology of Emperor Julian within the philosophical and religious landscape of the post-Constantinian era. Its central aim is to show how Julian’s project of pagan restoration was intellectually underpinned by a systematic reorganisation of traditional polytheistic cults. This theological framework drew heavily on Iamblichus’ Neoplatonism and was consciously articulated as a deliberate counterpoint to Judeo-Christian monotheism. Adopting a philological-historical and comparative methodology, the study offers close readings of key passages from Julian’s Hymn to King Helios and the surviving fragments of Against the Galileans. The discussion demonstrates that Julian assigns Helios, in his capacity as Demiurge, an absolutely pivotal position within his theological system, distinguishing this solar deity both from a higher, supreme divine principle and from a subordinate level of divine powers. Through a dual strategy of rejection and competitive appropriation of Judeo-Christian elements, Julian sought to construct a philosophically more coherent and culturally more inclusive alternative to Christianity.